Sunday, October 28, 2007

Act V questions:October 25th 2007

Dominick Heugas 10/25/07



Who are the characters?
-Othello
-Desdemona
-Cassio
-Roderigo
-Iago
-Lodovico
-Gratiano
-Emilia
-Montano
-Bianca

What is the setting?
In Act V scene 1, the setting is out on the streets of Venice at night.
In Act V scene 2, the setting shifts to Desdemona’s bed chamber inside the castle at night.

List the many conflicts that exist in the act:
-Iago convinced Roderigo to ambuch and kill Cassio.
-Iago kills Roderigo.
-Iago accuses Bianca of being Roderigo's accomplice and places her under arrest.
-Othello kills Desdemona out of love.
-Cassio finally dies.
-Iago kills emilia.
-Othello stabs Iago but only wounds him.
-Othello kills himself.
-Iago lives.

What do you think is an appropriate theme for this Act?
I think the appropriate theme for Act V would be “Do not give into your temptations”.

What evil plan does Iago concoct?
Iago convinces Roderigo to ambush and kill Cassio.

Why does Othello stand at the foot of the bed where Desdemona is sleeping?
Othello stands at the foot of Desdemon’s bed because he is overcome with love.

What do you think is going through his mind?
He is probably thinking about how much he loves her but can’t stand to see her cheating on him anymore. The only way to solve the problem is to kill her.

How does Othello murder Desdemona?
Othello kills Desdemona by smothering her.

Why does Desdemona remain loyal to her husband with her dying breath?
Even though Desdemona was having an affair with Cassio, she still had enough love for Othello to defend him to her death.

Othello calls Desdemona a whore rather than an adulterer. Why such a degrading name?
Othello calls Desdemons a whore because he was pissed that she had actually cheated on him, and has another lover. If I was Othello, I would be pretty pissed as well.

What are Othello’s last words?
"I kiss'd thee ere I kill'd thee. No way but this/Killing myself, to die upon a kiss."

Why does he kill himself?
Othello kills himself because he just murdered the love of his life and would not be able to live with the fact that he will never be able to see her again.

Who also dies in the end and how?
Cassio ends up dying because he was stabbed by Roderigo, Iago kills Roderigo to make it seem like he had nothing to do with the attempted murder of Cassio, Othello kills Desdemona out of love, Iago kills Emilia because she revealed what Iago had done, and then Othello kills himself.

Who ironically does not die and why?
Iago, ironically, does not die because

Character Sketch

Dominick Heugas 10/24/07
H.W.


Act V

Roderigo










A jealous suitor of Desdemona. Young, rich, and foolish, Roderigo is convinced that if he gives Iago all of his money, Iago will help him win Desdemona's hand. Repeatedly frustrated as Othello marries Desdemona and then takes her to Cyprus, Roderigo is ultimately desperate enough to agree to help Iago kill Cassio after Iago points out that Cassio is another potential rival for Desdemona.

Cassio










Othello's lieutenant, or second-in-command. Cassio is highly educated but young and inexperienced in battle. Iago resents Cassio's high position and dismisses him as a “bookkeeper”. Truly devoted to Othello, Cassio is ashamed after being involved in a drunken brawl on Cyprus and losing his place as lieutenant. Iago uses Cassio's good looks and flirtatious manner with women to play on Othello's insecurities about Desdemona's fidelity.

Othello










The play's protagonist and hero. Othello is the highly respected general of the armies of Venice, although he is not a native of Venice but a Moor, or North African. He is a powerful figure, respected by all those around him. In spite of his elevated status, Othello is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his self-consciousness about being a racial and cultural outsider. He possesses a free and open nature that his ensign Iago exploits to twist Othello's love for his wife, Desdemona, into a powerful and destructive jealousy.












Desdemona










The daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. Desdemona and Othello are secretly married before the play begins. While in some ways stereotypically pure and meek, Desdemona is also determined and self-possessed. She is equally capable of defending her marriage, jesting bawdily with Iago, and responding with dignity to Othello's incomprehensible jealousy.

Lodovico










One of Brabantio's kinsmen, Lodovico acts as a messenger from Venice to Cyprus. He arrives in Cyprus in Act Four with letters announcing that Cassio is to replace Othello as governor.

Gratiano










Brabantio's kinsman who accompanies Lodovico to Cyprus. Amidst the chaos of the play's final scene, Graziano mentions that Desdemona's father has died.

Iago










Othello's ensign, a twenty-eight-year-old military veteran from Venice. Iago is the villain of the play. Although he is obsessive, relentless, bold, and ingenius in his efforts to manipulate and deceive the other characters, Iago's motivations are notoriously murky. Iago gives the impression that he's tossing out plausible motivations as he thinks of them, and that we'll never understand what really drives his villainy. He hates women and is obsessed with other people's sex lives.

Emilia










Iago's wife and Desdemona's attendant. A cynical, worldly woman, Emilia is deeply attached to her mistress and distrustful of her husband.

Bianca










A courtesan, or prostitute, in Cyprus. Bianca's favorite customer is Cassio, who teases her with promises of marriage but laughs at her behind her back.

Montano










The governor of Cyprus before Othello. We see Montano first in Act Two, as he recounts the status of the war and awaits the Venetian ships.




















Monday, October 22, 2007

October 22, 2007

Dominick Heugas 10/22/07




Who were the venetians?
During the late 1500’s and early 1600’s, the Venetians were a wealthy and therefore powerful people. This wealth was due Venice’s canals which made it an ideal place for trade. The wealth and power of this city did two important things in consideration of the plot of Othello. They made Venice a city of high importance to military and political officials and also gave the natives a great pride in their background.

How were the Moors/Venetians regarded in Shakespeare's day?
Moors were characterized in Elizabethan England as being alternately or even simultaneously noble or monstrous, civil or savage. Being a different race meant, primarily, being an Other, non-English, as well as non-Christian (Braxton 8). The term Moor, as I have noted before, was fairly vague in definition. Bartels points out that in common usage, the word was used many times interchangeably with "similarly ambiguous terms as 'African,' 'Ethiopian,' 'Negro,' and even 'Indian'" (434). The convention of Christian art to represent Satan or other devils as being black or dark-skinned also lent another connotation to the reader, viewer, or performer of Shakespeare's plays. The Moor's increasing visibility in print most likely paralleled an increasing visibility in actual English society and/or knowledge (Bartels 434). There are three possible branches that most likely gave birth to the confused Elizabethan image of who and what a Moor was. This would be the Spanish Morisco, the North African Berber/Arab, and the Negro.

With politics of the late 1500s and early 1600s, not much had changed in terms of enmity. International trade and politics of the Elizabethan era also lent a hand in Shakespeare's depiction of the Moor. Although the Spanish interpretation of the Arab/Berber/Negro was most likely a factor in the Elizabethan image, extensive trading contracts and international diplomacy had a fair hand in offsetting the negative stereotype while at the same time perpetuating it. Both England and what we will call Morocco had a great anti-Catholic, anti-Spanish sentiment that bound their relationship further (D'Amico 7). Although Africa was considered a continent of infidels and pagans by many, the political danger of an invasion by Catholic Spain prompted England to forgo the stigma of trading in munitions with Morocco. The Moor in English Renaissance Drama by Jack D'Amico chronicles the international trading carried on in North Africa and the Ivory and Gold Coasts further south. Continuous trade was believed to have begun in the mid sixteenth century (D'Amico 8). Blacks from Africa were also first present in England during this time. Although mostly documented as slaves, before the triangular slave trade became institutionalized, there were also many free blacks who came and went throughout Europe.

During the late 1500’s and early 1600’s, the Venetians were a wealthy and therefore powerful people. This wealth was due Venice’s canals which made it an ideal place for trade. The wealth and power of this city did two important things in consideration of the plot of Othello. They made Venice a city of high importance to military and political officials and also gave the natives a great pride in their background.


What were the military duties of ranked officers?
General- The leader of the army in whatever city/state they serve. It usually is someone who has been in the army since a young age. They are powerful figures in society and are well respected. Generals are in charge of giving out promotions to their fellow soldiers. And control the actions of the entire army.

Lieutenant- A powerful position, is assigned by the General. Can give orders to other soldiers that have lesser ranks then him. This rank does not come with much social status but it is often used as a place to work from to reach higher ranks.

What was the military hierarchy?
The military hierarchy of ancient Greece could in retrospect be viewed as running parallel to its social hierarchy. The aristocratic class were the wealthiest and most politically powerful individuals of the populace. Their social position gave them an identical stature in the military hierarchy, for they assumed complete authority as trierarchs of both land and sea forces. Not only did they instigate wars but they also led them on the battle fields. Cavalry members were quite wealthy but were subordinates to the first census class. They supplied chariots and horses and equipped themselves handsomely with armaments; often they were commanders of small units. The hoplite soldiers who formed the phalanx were composed of third class members, and were capable of attaining the necessary skills and equipment to become heavy-infantry soldiers. The lowest class was conscripted into the light-infantry in which they were massed together under the leadership of the generals and commanders. Although the military hierarchy was imbued with the same social hierarchy as in their city states the military was much more than an obligatory service. It was a unifying patriotic force that was shared between all social classes on the battle field where each citizen saw himself as a soldier equal to any other.

What was the role of women?
Prior to the 16th century society viewed women with the Christian and Aristotelian views which looked at them as sinful and imperfect. Writers such as Shakespeare challenged these views with their works and they were slowly changed. Women were mostly silent, they did not speak out much at all about their opinions, especially in public. Some women wrote, but mostly all they wrote about was prayer and meditation. The only real chance they got to write about their feelings was in poems. Women were beginning to get some power, the ruler of England at the time was Elizabeth who was the most powerful woman of her time. Nobel women had much easier lives while poorer women had to work hard to keep their husbands and families happy.

What was expected of a daughter?
Daughters were seen as property to control by their fathers. They were expected to obey their father’s wishes and to marry by the age of thirteen. Daughters were objects to always be guarded and watched over, too tender and gentle to fend for themselves in a dangerous world. They were expected to preserve their chastity until marriage, and provide a dowry when they finally did marry.

What was expected of a bride?
In the Renaissance times a Renaissance Woman was supposed to marry well, be loyal to her husband and give birth to boys. Many women did not fit the mold of what they called a "Renaissance Woman." Many of them would fit in as more of a "Renaissance Man" or what we would call a "Renaissance Woman" in our day and age.

Girls were married for alliances between their families, not for love. Women were married with doweries that their family provided and they prepared household possesions to contribute to the new home. Brides were supposed to be virgins before marriage. Women were supposed had to be faithful and respect their fathers and the family over their wants and needs.

Women got involved in disputes about marriage, inheritance and property. In all these matters they had contact with officialdom, so they enter the record. What is particularly noticeable is that many women were familiar enough with the processes involved to use them constructively to their best advantage. It's no accident that women appear far more often in cases tried in the church courts (where even married women had a separate legal identity) than in the common law courts (where married women could not bring cases on their own account).

What rules for getting married existed at the time of the play?

The institution of marriage in the Renaissance Period was both secular and sacred. Secularly, it served as a union of two parties interested in acquiring property, money or political alliances. Marriage was also sacred in that it bound the love of a man and woman and sought procreation. William Shakespeare's work vividly displays the sacredness of love and marriage. Popular critics of his time considered Shakespeare the greatest love poet of all time. It was once said "he represented in an inimitable and masterly manner all the phenomena and manifestations of love." A working knowledge of both marriage and inheritance procedures in the Renaissance Period affords a better understanding of Shakespeare's works.

What were the rules of courtship?
The institution of marriage in the Renaissance Period was both secular and sacred. Secularly, it served as a union of two parties interested in acquiring property, money or political alliances. Marriage was also sacred in that it bound the love of a man and woman and sought procreation. William Shakespeare's work vividly displays the sacredness of love and marriage. Popular critics of his time considered Shakespeare the greatest love poet of all time. It was once said "he represented in an inimitable and masterly manner all the phenomena and manifestations of love." A working knowledge of both marriage and inheritance procedures in the Renaissance Period affords a better understanding of Shakespeare's works.



What do you think is a scene in a play?
A division of a play or of an act of a play, usually representing what passes between certain of the actors in one place.

The Moors.

Early in the eighth century Moorish soldiers crossed over from Africa to the Iberian peninsula. The man chosen to lead them was General Tarik ibn Ziyad. In 711, the bold Tarik, in command of an army of 10,000 men, crossed the straits and disembarked near a rock promontory which from that day since has borne his name--Djabal Tarik (`Tarik's Mountain'), or Gibraltar. In August 711, Tarik won paramount victory over the opposing European army. On the eve of the battle, Tarik is alleged to have roused his troops with the following words:

"My brethren, the enemy is before you, the sea is behind; whither would ye fly? Follow your general; I am resolved either to lose my life or to trample on the prostrate king of the Romans."

Wasting no time to relish his victory, Tarik pushed on with his dashing and seemingly tireless Moorish cavalry to the Spanish city of Toledo. Within a month's time, General Tarik ibn Ziyad had effectively terminated European dominance of the Iberian peninsula. Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab governor of North Africa, joined Tarik in Spain and helped complete the conquest of Iberia with an army of 18,000 men. The two commanders met in Talavera, where the Moors were given the task of subduing the northwest of Spain. With vigor and speed they set about their mission, and within three months they had swept the entire territory north of the Ebro River as far as the Pyrenees Mountains and annexed the turbulent Basque country.

In the aftermath of these brilliant struggles, thousands of Moors flooded into the Iberian peninsula. So eager were they to come that some are said to have floated over on tree-trunks. Tarik himself, at the conclusion of his illustrious military career, retired to the distant East, we are informed, to spread the teachings of Islam.

www.cwo.com


In AD622, an Arab named Muhammad preached that an angel had visited him. The angel told Muhammad that he was the last of a long line of prophets that included Moses and Jesus. Muhammad called on people to renounce all other faiths and to submit to the will of Allah. Allah is an Arabic word that means God. He called the new faith Islam, which means “submission to Allah”; the people who practice Islam are called Muslims (sometimes spelled Moslems). The faith spread quickly through the Middle East and across North Africa, eventually reaching people in northwest Africa that the Romans called Moors.

The Visigoths had ruled Spain until 711, when the Moors crossed into Spain from North Africa. For the next three centuries, the Moors controlled most of Spain by establishing a “caliphate,” or religious center, in Cordoba. Spain enjoyed a “golden age.” The Moors were able administrators who built Spain into a thriving center of culture and scholarship. The Moors were Muslims, but they were generally tolerant of the Christians and Jews who lived in Spain. Spanish Jews benefited from the tolerant policies of the Moors. This enabled them to have one of the most prosperous periods in their history.

Christian kingdoms in northern Spain and France slowly began the Reconquista (or reconquest) of Spain, a struggle that lasted almost 500 years. Quarrels among the Moors led to the overthrow of the caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. The Moors remained in Spain until King Ferdinand of Aragon, and Queen Isabella of Castille merged their kingdoms and forced the Muslims and Jews to leave Spain.

www.mrdowling.com



Othello is the most famous moor.

Sunday, October 21, 2007

What are some of the major elements of drama?

1.) What is a play?

A dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage.

2.) What is involved in a play?

Practice, effort, costumes, lights, dialogue, and characters are involved to put a show on.

3.) Where did Shakespeare’s plays staged?

Shakespeare’s plays were staged at the globe theater.

4.) Who did he write his plays for?

Lord Chamberlain’s Men

5.) Who was his audience?

I think his audience was rich white people.

6.) Who were the actors/resses?

White men were the actors and actresses.

7.) How were the characters dressed?

They were dressed in Renaissance costumes, Venetian costumes and mid evil armor.

8.) How did they speak?

They spoke in Shakespearean language.

9.) Can we plot a play? Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution.

Yes we can surely plot a play. I think it’s easier to plot a play than any other work of literature.

10.) What do you think was the cultural background of the actors/resses? Any people of
color?

I think all the actors and actresses were white males performing for other

11.) How many of Shakespeare’s plays have you read or know about?

I have read four of Shakespeare’s plays, Othello, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream.

12.) Have you ever seen an On/Off Broadway play?

Yes. Many times from the time I was really young.

13.) Do you like plays? Why or Why not?

I LOVE broadway plays. The music the action the light the singing it’s awesome.